Table 2

Effects of esterified sterols and stanols on LDL cholesterol and cholesterol absorption.
Reference
 Products
 Vehicle
 Subject
 Condition: Starting mean TC mM(range)
 Daily Dose g Free sterol/stanol Equivalents
 #Servings /d
 Outcome: Where possible, Placebo-adjusted % decrease LDL is given = % decrease with sterol (To vs Tf) % decrease with placebo (To vs Tf)
[32]
D1
 Mayonnaise
 11 M, 4 W
 >6.0
 0.8 2.0
 Habitual usage
 ↓ LDL 7.7%
↓ LDL 15.0%
[102]
D1
 Spread rapeseed
 153 M&W
 5.9–5.9
 1.8 or 2.6
 3
 ↓ LDL 10.2%
[25]
C2 (66% esterified), D1-2, C3, C5
 Spread
 100
 <8.0
 3.3 D1-2
3.3 C2
1.5 C3
1.5 C5
 2
 ↓ LDL 13%
↓ LDL 13%
↔ LDL
↔ LDL
[178]
CD1
 Spread
 23 W
 5.5–8.0
 2.4, 3.2, 3.2
↓ LDL 8–10%
↑ HDL 5–6%
[104]
D2
D1-2
 Spread, low fat diet
 20 M, 35 W
 6.1–6.6
 2.2
2.3
↓ LDL 13.7%
↓ LDL 8.6 %
[104]
C2
 Spread
 42 M, 58 W
 5.2(2.7–7.4)
 0.8
1.6
3.2
 2
 ↓ LDL 6.2 %
↓ LDL 9.2 %
↓ LDL 9.8%
[76]
C2
D1
 Spread
 34 M&W
 4.8–7.0
 2.0
 2
 ↓ LDL 10.4%
↓ LDL 12.7%
[37]
D1-2
 Spread
 14 M, 8 W
 6.9(5.0–8.5)
 0.8
1.6
2.4
3.0
 2–3
 ↓ LDL 1.7%
↓ LDL 5.6%
↓ LDL 9.7%
↓ LDL 10.4%
[98]
D1-2
 Spread
 105
 6.0–6.6.1
 2.0
3.0
 2
3
 ↓ LDL 8.9%
↓ LDL 6.7%
[77]
C1
D1
 Spread
 15 M
 6.4–6.5(6.0–10.0)
 1.8
1.8
 2–3
 ↓ LDL 13.4%, ↓ C-abs 36.2%
↓ LDL 6.4%, ↓ C-abs 25.9 %
[179]
C2, D1-2
 Spread
 5 M, 2 W
 Illeostomy
 1.5
↓ C-abs 38–39%
[99]
D2
D1-2
 Spread
 41 M, 71 W
 5.0–5.1
 3.8
4.0
 3
 ↓ LDL 12.6%
↓ LDL 1.6%
[96]
D1-2
 Spread
 11 M, 28 W
 4.9 M, 4.7 W
 2.5-different # servings
 1
3
 ↓ LDL 9.9
↓ LDL 10.2%
[38]
C2
 Spread, Step 1 diet
 224 M&W
 6.2
 1.1
2.2
 2
 ↓ LDL 4.9%, ↓ TC 2.6%
↓ LDL 5.4%, ↓ TC 4.0%
[78]
C (mainly 2)
 Spread
 34 M, 28 W
 7.2 (control) 6.5 (treatment)
 2.5
↓ LDL 10–15%
[73]
C2
 Beef
 34 M
 5.9
 2.4
 1
 ↓ LDL 15%
[70]
D
 Yoghurt
 16 M, 44 W
 5.1
 3.0
 3
 ↓ LDL 14 %
[65]
C
 Spread
 25 M, 38 W
 6.1
 1.8
 2
 ↓ LDL 5.4%, ↓ TC 3.4%
[79]
C (vegetable oil)
 Spread, Japanese basal diet
 26 M, 27 W
 5.5
 1.8
 2
 ↓ LDL 9.2%, ↓ TC 5.8%
[80]
C (vegetable oil)
 Spread
 19 M, 31 W
 6.0
 2.1
↓ LDL 12.3%, ↓ TC 8.9%
[180]
D
 Spread
 38 M, 22 W
 6.1 (2 g group)
6.0 (3 g group)
 2.0
3.0
 2
3
 ↓ LDL 9.6%, ↓ TC 6.3%
↓ LDL 7.3%, ↓ TC 5.5%
[71]
C2
 Vegetable oil, partly filled milk
 33 M
 <5.2
 2.2
 2
 ↓ C-abs 57.4%

See Table 1 for abbreviations.

Berger et al. Lipids in Health and Disease 2004 3:5   doi:10.1186/1476-511X-3-5