Table 1

Effects of free sterols and stanols on LDL cholesterol and cholesterol absorption parameters.
Reference
 Products
 Vehicle
 Subject
 Condition: Starting mean TC mM
 Daily Dose g Free sterol/stanol Equivalents
 #Servings/d
 Outcome: Where possible, Placebo-adjusted % decrease LDL is given = % decrease with sterol (To vs Tf) % decrease with placebo (To vs Tf). C-abs also indicated
[59]
A2
C2
 Spread
 9
 Normocholesterolemic
 1.0
1.3
↓ C-abs 42.0%
↓ C-abs 33.0%
[176]
B2
 Sunflower oil (Capsule)
 3 M, 3 W
 Hypercholesterolemic
 1.5
↓ LDL 14.4%
[27]
A1
B1
 Mayonnaise
 24 M&W
 6.5
 0.96
1.0
 Habitual usage
 ↓ TC 5.7%
↓ TC 2.4%
[28]
A1
B1
D1
 Mayonnaise
 22 M, 9 W
 >6.0
 1.0
1.0
1.2
 Habitual usage
 ↓ LDL 6.2%
↓ LDL 5.1%
↓ LDL 7.7%
[21]
B1+step 1 diet
 Capsules with sterols consumed with food
 33 M
 6.2
 3.0
3.0 with 8 g cholestyramine 8 g of cholestyramine
 3
 ↓ LDL 1.8%
[33]
A2
 Spread
 12 M
 Normocholesterolemic
 0.7
↓ LDL 6.1%
[177]
A2
 olive oil
 8 M, 8 W
 3.7 M, 4.1 W
 0.4 g/1000 Kcal
 3
 ↓ LDL 2.8%
[103]
A1
 Spread
 22
 5.0 minimum
 1.6
↓ LDL 15 % Normocholesterolemics
↓ LDL 4.7% hypercholesterolmics
[97]
B1+prudent diet
 Spread
 32 M
 6.7–6.8
 1.7
 3
 ↓ LDL 15%
[22]
B2 +soylecithin
 Spread
 4 M, 2 W
 5.2
 1.0-B2 powder
0.3–0.7-B2/lecithin micellar mix
↓ C-abs 11.0%
↓ C-abs 34.4% at 0.3 g
↓ C-abs 36.7% at 0.7 g
[20]
A2
 Spread
 39 M, 37 W
 4.9–5.1
 0.8
 Habitual usage
 ↓ LDL 6%, ↓ TC 9%
[69]
B1
 Liquid emulsion
 12 M
 6.9
 3
 3
 ↓ C-abs 40%
[100]
A1
B1
1:1 mixture
A1:B1
 Butter fat ± sterols
 9 M, 6 W
 6.5
 1.8
 3
 ↓ LDL 13.3%, ↓ C-abs 56.1%
↓ LDL 13.4%, ↓ C-abs 33.3%
↓ LDL 16.0%, ↓ C-abs 49.2%
[44]
A2
 Vegetable oil, partly filled milk
 18 M
 7.0
 1.8
 2
 ↓ C-abs 39%
[71]
A2
 Vegetable oil, partly filled milk
 33 M
 <5.2
 2.2
 2
 ↓ C-abs 51.1%
[42]
A2
 Vegetable oil, partly filled milk
 18 M, 51 F
 7.0
 1.2 or 1.6
 2
 ↓ LDL 7.1% at 1.2 g
↓ LDL 9.6% at 1.6 g

Abbreviation: C-abs, cholesterol absorption; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; To and Tf refer to start and end points of the study; M, men; W, women; A, free plant sterol; B, free plant stanol; C, plant sterol ester; D, plant stanol ester; 1, tall sterol; 2, soy sterol; 3, shea sterol; 4, corn sterol; 5, rice sterol.

Berger et al. Lipids in Health and Disease 2004 3:5   doi:10.1186/1476-511X-3-5
Open Data